Benjamin Geva, York University and Osgoode Hall Law School, has posted The Order to Pay Money in Medieval Continental Europe, which appears in Money in the Western Legal Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2016), 409-40:In the early centuries of the Middle Ages, the economy in Europe collapsed and trade was reduced to a trickle. Monetary economy survived only in a rudimentary form; the last Roman banks disappeared in the course of the sixth and seventh centuries, and banking and on-cash monetary payment systems ceased to exist altogether.