José Argueta Funes, UC Berkeley Law, has published The "Code American" and Law's Empire, a review of Kellen Funk’s Law’s Machinery, in the Yale Law Journal:
Kellen R. Funk’s Law’s Machinery is an erudite and compelling account of the creation, migration, and interpretation of the Field Code of Civil Procedure—named for one of its drafters, David Dudley Field. Although the Code was simultaneously imagined and feared as an attempt to transform how lawyers and courts worked, its achievements were much more ambiguous. Funk departs from earlier assessments of the Code and their focus on legal class politics, emphasizing instead the role of ideas about law in shaping the Code’s trajectory. Conservative common lawyers and reformist codifiers alike could not escape the conceptual universe developed through legal practice, and so the meaning of the Code came to rely on the very world its creators had tried to overthrow. The Code thus marked less the arrival of an entirely novel mode of practice than the opening of a period of interpretive contestation that went to the very meaning and legitimacy of law.
Law’s Machinery also affords an opportunity to think productively about an increasingly salient issue in legal scholarship: empire. Field had imperial ambitions befitting a nation defined less by borders and more by the movement of its citizens. But this was not the understanding of empire that has become the center of much legal scholarship—it was not an empire of federal will. Rather, it was an empire of law, defined by the spread of a particular legal product in which some core—Field’s New York, perhaps—became, as Field put it, the world’s “lawgiver.” And his ambitions succeeded, at least insofar as the Field Code spread far and wide across the United States. By the end of the nineteenth century, most American jurisdictions had adopted some version of the Code, often more of it than New York had enacted.
But this success was far from obvious. Rather than the inevitable byproduct of territorial expansion, the Code’s reach reflected the alleged demands of eastern capital and the anxieties of settlers in colonial outposts eager to remain within the pale of Anglo-Saxon civilization. This account suggests parallels with other stories of legal transformation in the nineteenth century, and this Review develops the parallels with the Hawaiian experience. The goal is not to suggest these experiences were all the same. Rather, it is to surface how capitalist and cultural constraints informed the process of lawmaking in ways that invite us to look beyond the federal government to understand the legal history of empire. At the same time, the growth of law’s empire echoes the interpretive contestations that Funk finds in the history of the Code itself. The law that arrived in places like Hawai‘i was not a complete and finished whole, and part of the legal history of empire must account for the ways people expanded and contested the meaning of law, even in a world of constraints.
--Dan Ernst
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